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Education in Canada
The Canadian education system is actually a set of different situations for each province, since education is a legislative power of provincial jurisdiction. |
Length of Study
Most Canadian education systems continue up to Grade 12 (age 18). In Quebec, the typical high school term ends after Secondary 5, the equivalent to Grade 11 (age 17). Following this, students are encouraged to attend CEGEP as means of preparing for studies at the university level. |
Pre-University
Primary education and secondary education combined are sometimes referred to as K-12  (Kindergarten through Grade 12).
It should be noted that this structure can vary from school to school, and from province to province.
In Canada, secondary schooling, known as high school or secondary school, differs depending on what province one resides in. Typically, Canada's secondary school system follows the American pattern with some variations.
Ontario had a "Grade 13" known as Ontario Academic Credit (OAC) year, but this was abolished by the provincial government to cut costs. OAC was last offered for the 2002-2003 school year. Some students are struggling with their classes, especially mathematics, due to the compacting of the curriculum. Secondary education in Quebec continues to Grade 11 (Secondary V), and is typically followed by CEGEP, a two or three year college program taken after high school. Pre-university CEGEP programs are two years in Quebec (university for Quebeckers is three years), and vocational or professional programs are three years in duration (see Education in Quebec).
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University
The main variation between the provinces, with respect to universities, is the amount of funding they receive. Universities in Quebec and British Columbia receive the most funding and have the lowest tuitions. Universities in the Maritimes generally receive the least funding and some, like Acadia University, are almost wholly reliant on private funding. When Ontario had five years of high school, a three-year Bachelor's degree was common, but these degrees are being phased out in favour of the four-year degree (known as an Honours degree).
Bachelor's degrees in Quebec are typically three-year programs, as the two-year CEGEP pre-university program covers most first-year requirements at a traditional university (in some cases, such as education, engineering or certain medical programs, they are four-year programs). CEGEP graduates who go on to universities outside of Quebec are sometimes able to receive up to one year of credit from a four-year undergraduate program. On the other hand, students who graduate from a four-year high school system (Grade 12) and undertake their studies at a Quebec university must complete a "Freshman" program before continuing on to the Bachelor's program.
Private vs. Public
Private elementary and secondary schools do exist in Canada and are sometimes elite institutions, but are typically small religious or specialty schools. At present, there are no private universities in Canada that are accredited to teach courses in the humanities and the sciences without some sort of religious denomination, but this is set to change with the opening in 2006 of British Columbia's Sea to Sky University, the country's first private liberal arts university. Many provinces, including Ontario and Alberta, have passed legislation allowing private degree-granting institutions (not necessarily universities) to operate there.
Many Canadians remain polarized on the issue of permitting private universities to infiltrate the Canadian market; on the one hand, Canada's top universities cannot compete with the private American powerhouses because of funding, but on the other, the development of another "tier" of universities, where accessibility is based primarily on one's ability to pay, could prevent a significant portion of Canada's population from being able to attend these schools
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